Gilbert Barrantes1, Johel Chaves-Campos2, and Julio E. Sánchez3
1 Museo de Zoología, Escuela
de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica
2 Programa de Educación en el Extranjero, Universidad de California
3 Asociación Ornitológica de Costa Rica
The increasing destruction of natural environments in Costa Rica threatens the biological richness of the country. Logging activities, drainage of natural aquatic environments and lack of policies that promote an adequate land use are the major causes of destruction of natural habitats and loss of biodiversity.
Considering that a large proportion of the natural environments have disappeared in recent decades, we were expecting a decreasing on the number of bird species present in Costa Rica. Contrary to our expectations, recent publications indicated that the number of species had increased in the country. For this reason we decided to assess the impact of destruction of natural environments on Costa Rica avifauna.
The evaluation conducted indicated that, unfortunately, a group of species are likely extinct and others are close to disappearing if destruction of forests and other natural environments continues. We also confirmed that the inclusion of some species in a previous list of birds of Costa Rica was based on doubtful information. Therefore, these species should not be included as part of Costa Rican avifauna until reliable information exists.
El aumento en la destrucción de los ambientes naturales en Costa Rica amenaza la riqueza biológica del país. La deforestación, el drenado de los ambientes acuáticos naturales y la falta de políticas que promuevan un adecuado uso de la tierra son las mayores causas de la destrucción de los ambientes naturales y la pérdida de biodiversidad.
Considerando que una gran proporción de los ambientes naturales ha desaparecido en las últimas décadas, esperábamos una disminución en el número de especies de aves presentes en Costa Rica. Contrario a nuestras expectativas, publicaciones recientes indicaron que el número de especies había aumentado en el país. Por esta razón, decidimos evaluar el impacto de la destrucción de los hábitats naturales en la avifauna de Costa Rica.
La evaluación conducida indica que desgraciadamente un grupo de especies se encuentra probablemente extinto y otras especies están cercanas a la desaparición si la destrucción del bosque y otros ambientes naturales continúa. Además confirmamos que la inclusión de algunas especies en una lista previa de las aves de Costa Rica estuvo basada en información dudosa. Por lo tanto, estas especies no deben ser incluidas como parte de la avifauna de Costa Rica mientras no exista información confiable.
Pollution and destruction of natural habitats have modified enormously the landscape in last decades (Mayers 1986, Ehrlich 1988). In turn, these changes in natural environments have largely increased the rate of extinction of birds (Wilson 1988, Johnson & Statterfield 1990, Steadman 1997) by making them more sensitive to catastrophes, or genetic and demographic random variations (Lande 1993).
Extinction is often a process that begins with the extirpation of species from particular localities or regions exposed to human activities. In Costa Rica, agriculture, cattle raising, and especially logging activities have eliminated large extensions of forest (Sader & Joyce 1988, Maldonado & Rodríguez 1997, Barrantes et al. 1999). The destruction and fragmentation of natural habitats have resulted in the decline of populations and local extinction for numerous species that require large tracts of intact forest (Stiles 1985, Bierregaard & Stouffer 1997). It is our goal herein to evaluate the present status (i.e., local extinction and drastic population decline) of resident and migratory Costa Rican birds. We also assess the information of several species incorporated recently into the list of Costa Rican birds (Asociación Ornitológica de Costa Rica 1998).
We used the checklist of Costa Rican birds (LCRB), published by the Asociación Ornitológica de Costa Rica (1998), as the primary source of information to evaluate the status of the birds of this country. This list includes 877 species, all of them considered to be present in the country as either visitors, migrants, or residents. This publication adds three well confirmed species (Sánchez et al. 1998) to A guide of the birds of Costa Rica (Stiles & Skutch 1989). Other species, which we consider misidentified, were also included. Similarly, some birds that Stiles and Skutch (1989) regarded as expected in the country in a near future by expansion of their geographical range were also included without any evidence that confirm their presence in Costa Rica.
Based on the current information of the Costa Rican avifauna (published and unpublished data of the authors), we separated the 877 species into seven categories: Doubtful, Expected, Absent, Extinct, Escaped, Probably extinct, and Without voucher (see Table 1 for definitions). In addition, we included 10 species, most of them expected, from A guide to the bird of Costa Rica that were omitted in the LCRB; and two new recently discovered species in the country: Psarocolius decumanus and Lonchura malaca (Jim Zook pers. comm.) as well as Phaetusa simplex, confirmed only in 2003 (Julio Sánchez, pers. comm.). Finally, we present the official list of birds of Costa Rica, which includes those species that occur with certainty in the country. This official list contains 857 species; 22 species were eliminated from the list of birds published by the Asociación Ornitológica de Costa Rica (1998). Some of these species were of doubtful identification, expected, or escaped (Table 1), but unfortunately others should be considered extinct since no reliable registers have been obtained during (at least) the last 20 years.
We did not follow the criteria of BirdLife International (2000) and IUCN (2000) to assign species into the categories Absent, Extinct, and Probably extinct. Because these criteria consider the global status of the species (e.g., abundance, population decline), they do not necessarily reflect the condition of these species in each country. Consequently, many species that are considered as vulnerable or endangered may be abundant in some countries. The opposite is also true; some species that are not included in the lists of endangered or vulnerable by BirdLife International (2000) and IUCN (2000) are extinct or nearly extinct in some countries. These antagonistic criteria are the result of differences in land use, conservation policies, population size, and other factors specific to each country.
La contaminación y destrucción de los hábitats naturales han modificado enormemente los paisajes en las últimas décadas (Mayers 1986, Ehrlich 1988). A su vez, estos cambios en los ambientes naturales han incrementado en gran medida la extinción de las aves (Wilson 1988, Johnson y Sttaterfield 1990, Steadman 1997) al hacerlas más sensibles a catástrofes o a los efectos azarosos del aislamiento genético y demográfico (Lande 1993).
La extinción es usualmente un proceso que inicia con la extirpación de especies en localidades específicas o regiones expuestas a las actividades humanas. En Costa Rica, la agricultura, ganadería y especialmente la tala indiscriminada han eliminado grandes extensiones de bosque (Sader y Joyce 1988, Maldonado y Rodríguez 1997, Barrantes et al. 1999). La destrucción y fragmentación de los hábitats naturales ha resultado en la disminución de las poblaciones y en la extinción local de numerosas especies dependientes de fragmentos extensos de bosque intacto (Stiles 1985, Bierregaard y Stouffer 1997). Nuestra meta es evaluar el estado actual (i.e., extinciones locales y disminuciones drásticas de poblaciones) de las aves residentes y migratorias de Costa Rica. Además evaluamos la información de varias especies recientemente incorporadas a las lista de las aves de Costa Rica (Asociación Ornitológica de Costa Rica 1998).
Utilizamos la lista de aves de Costa Rica (LCRB), publicada por la Asociación Ornitológica de Costa Rica (1998), como la fuente primaria de información para evaluar el estado de las aves de este país. Esta lista incluye 877 especies, todas ellas consideradas presentes en el país ya sea como visitantes, migratorias o residentes. Esta publicación agrega tres especies bien confirmadas (Sánchez et al. 1998) a la lista del libro A guide to the birds of Costa Rica (Stiles y Skutch 1989). Otras especies que creemos erróneamente identificadas fueron también incluidas. En forma similar, algunas de las aves que Stiles y Skutch (1989) consideraban como esperadas para el país en un futuro cercano por expansión de su rango geográfico fueron también incluidas sin evidencia que confirmara su presencia en Costa Rica.
Basándonos en la información actual de la avifauna de Costa Rica (datos publicados y no publicados de los autores), separamos las 877 especies en siete categorías: Dudosas, Esperadas, Ausentes, Extintas, Probablemente extintas, Escapadas y Sin comprobante (ver Cuadro 1 para definiciones). Además incluimos 10 especies, la mayoría de ellas consideradas esperadas en A guide to the birds of Costa Rica que fueron omitidas en la LCRB; y dos nuevas especies recientemente descubiertas en el país: Psarocolius decumanus y Lonchura malaca (Jim Zook com. pers.) igualmente como Phaetusa simplex, confirmado en 2003 (Julio Sánchez, com. pers.). Finalmente presentamos la lista oficial de las aves de Costa Rica, que incluye aquellas especies que existen con certeza en el país. Esta lista oficial contiene 857 especies; 22 especies fueron eliminadas de la lista de aves publicada por la Asociación Ornitológica de Costa Rica (1998). Algunas de estas especies fueron de dudosa identificación, esperadas o escapadas (Cuadro 1), pero desafortunadamente otras deben ser consideradas extintas pues no hay registros confiables durante (al menos) los últimos 20 años.
No seguimos el criterio de BirdLife International (2000) y IUCN (2000) para asignar especies a las categorías Ausentes, Extintas, Probablemente extintas. La razón es que este criterio considera el estado global de las especies (e.g., abundancia, disminución de poblaciones), lo cual no necesariamente refleja la condición de esas especies en cada país. Consecuentemente, muchas especies que son consideradas como vulnerables o en peligro pueden ser abundantes en algunos países. Lo opuesto es también cierto, algunas especies que no están incluidas en la lista de especies en peligro o vulnerables por BirdLife International (2000) y IUCN (2000) están extintas o cercanas a la extinción en algunos países. Estos criterios antagonistas son el resultado de diferencias en el uso de la tierra, políticas de conservación, tamaño de la población y otros factores propios de cada país.
|
Category |
Definition |
|
1. Doubtful |
The presence of these species is unconfirmed, or no reliable evidence of their presence is available. |
|
2. Expected |
Species in this list are expected by Stiles and Skutch (1989) to extend their distribution into Costa Rica, but have not yet been recorded. |
|
3. Absent |
These are latitudinal migratory species that have not been sighted or heard in the country for at least 20 years. |
|
4. Extinct |
This list contains resident and formerly rare or uncommon species that have not been observed or heard for at least 20 years. |
|
5. Probably extinct |
These are resident and formerly widespread species which populations have been drastically reduced. Some of these species have recent unconfirmed records (within the last 20 years). |
|
6. Escaped |
This list includes escaped birds that have been introduced as caged birds in Costa Rica. These species do not have reproductive populations in the country. |
|
7. Without voucher |
This list contains species, some of them common, without official register: museum specimen (deposited in national museums), song record, or photo. (Some of the species included in this list may have specimens deposited in museums of other countries). |
|
8. Official list |
This list includes species that have specimens in national museums; records of their songs, photos, and species included in lists 5 and 7. |
|
Categoría |
Definición |
|
1. Dudosas |
La presencia de estas especies no está confirmada, o no hay evidencia confiable disponible sobre su presencia. |
|
2. Esperadas |
Especies en esta lista son esperadas por Stiles y Skutch (1989) por extensión de su distribución hacia Costa Rica, pero todavía no han sido registradas. |
|
3. Ausentes |
Estas son especies migratorias latitudinales que no han sido vistas o escuchadas en el país por al menos 20 años. |
|
4. Extintas |
Esta lista incluye especies residentes inicialmente raras o poco comunes que no han sido observadas o escuchadas por al menos 20 años. |
|
5. Probablemente extintas |
Estas son especies residentes e inicialmente con amplia distribución cuyas poblaciones se han reducido drásticamente. Algunas de estas especies con registros no confirmados en los últimos 20 años. |
|
6. Escapadas |
Esta lista incluye especies que han sido introducidas en Costa Rica como aves de jaula. Estas especies no tienen poblaciones reproductivas en el país. |
|
7. Sin comprobante |
Esta lista incluye especies confirmadas, algunas de ellas comunes, sin un registro oficial: espécimen de museo (depositado en un museo nacional), grabación de canto o fotografía. (Algunas de las especies incluidas en esta lista pueden tener especimenes depositados en museos de otros países). |
|
8. Lista oficial |
Esta lista incluye las especies que tienen especimenes en museos nacionales, registros de sus cantos, fotografías y las especies incluidas en las listas 5 y 7. |
The number of birds included in the lists of extinct and probably extinct species alert us about the risk of extinction that threatens our avifauna. The destruction and fragmentation of natural habitats (e.g., forests and aquatic environments) occurs, not only in Costa Rica, but throughout the whole continent (Sader and Joyce 1988, Roca et al. 1996). Hence, if the destruction of natural bird habitats persists, the recolonization of species that are locally extirpated is nearly impossible and will seriously jeopardize the survival of many other species that inhabit undisturbed forests and other pristine environments.
We also want to encourage any ornithologist or birdwatcher to send us any reliable information (e.g., photos, song records, information from other museums) on those species included in the lists 1 through 7. With your cooperation will be possible for us to have the most recent information on the status of the Costa Rican Avifauna.
La cantidad de aves incluidas en la lista de especies extintas y probablemente extintas nos alertan acerca del riesgo de extinción que amenaza nuestra avifauna. La destrucción y fragmentación de los hábitats naturales (e. g. bosques y ambientes acuáticos) ocurre, no solo en Costa Rica, sino a través de todo el continente (Sader y Joyce 1988, Roca et al. 1996). Por lo tanto, si la destrucción de los hábitats naturales que utilizan las aves persiste, la recolonización de especies que han sido extirpadas actualmente está cerca de ser imposible y amenazará seriamente la sobrevivencia de muchas especies que habitan bosques inalterados y otros ambientes vírgenes.
Finalmente queremos alentar a los ornitólogos y observadores de aves para que nos envíen cualquier información confiable (e.g. fotografías, grabaciones de cantos, informaciones de otros museos) de aquellas especies incluidas desde la lista 1 hasta la 7. Con su cooperación será posible para nosotros contar con la información más reciente sobre el estado de la Avifauna de Costa Rica.
American Ornithologists’ Union (1998). Checklist of North American birds, 7th edition. Allen Press, Inc., Kansas.
Asociacion Ornitologica de Costa Rica (1998). Lista de aves de Costa Rica. San Jose, Costa Rica.
Barrantes, G., Q. Jiménez, J. Lobo, T. Maldonado, M. Quesada & R. Quesada (1999). Evaluación de los planes de manejo forestal autorizados en el periodo 1997-1999 en la Península de Osa. Cumplimiento de normas técnicas, ambientales e impacto del bosque natural. Fundación Cecropia, Golfito, Costa Rica.
Bierregaard, Jr., R. O. & P. C. Stouffer (1997). Understory birds and dynamic habitat mosaics in Amazonian rainforests. Pp. 138-155. In, W. F. Laurance, & R. O. Bierregaard, Jr. (eds.). Tropical forest remnants. Ecology, management, and conservation of fragmented communities. University of Chicago Press, Illinois.
BirdLife International. (2000). Threatened Birds of the World. Spain and Cambridge: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona.
Ehrlich P. R. (1988). The loss of diversity: causes and consequences. Pp. 21-27. In, E. O. Wilson (ed.). Biodiversity. National Academy Press, Washington D. C.
IUCN. (2000). The 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http://www.redlist.org
Johnson, T. H. & A. J. Stattersfield (1990). A global review of islands endemic birds. Ibis 132:167-180.
Lande, R. (1993). Risks of population extinction from demographic and environmental stochasticity, and random catastrophes. American Naturalist 142:911-927.
Maldonado-U., T. & C. Rodríguez (1997). Estudio, análisis y cartografía de la capacidad de uso de la tierra en las clases forestales, Costa Rica. Fundación Neotrópica, San José, Costa Rica.
Myers, N (1986). Tropical deforestation and a mega-extinction spasm. Pp. 394-409. In, M. E. Soulé (ed.). Conservation biology. The science of scarcity and diversity. Sinauer Associates Inc., Massachusetts.
Roca, R., L. Adkins, M. C. Wurschy & K. L. Skerl (1996). Wings from afar. An ecological approach to conservation of neotropical migratory birds in South America. The Nature Conservancy, Virginia.
Sader, S. A. & A. T. Joyce (1988). Deforestation rates and trends in Costa Rica, 1940 to 1983. Biotropica 20:11-19.
Sánchez, J. E., K. Naoki & J. Zook (1998). New information about Costa Rican birds. Ornitología Neotropical 9:99-102.
Steadman, D. W. (1997). Human-caused extinction of birds. Pp. 139-161. In, M. L. Reaka-Kudla, D. E. Wilson & E. O. Wilson (eds.). Biodiversity II. Joseph Henry Press, Washington D. C.
Stiles, F. G. & A. F. Skutch (1989). A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Cornell University Press, New York.
Stiles, F. G. (1985). Conservation of forest birds in Costa Rica: problems and perspectives. Pp. 141-168. In, A. W. Diamond & T. E. Lovejoy (eds.). Conservation of tropical forest birds. International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge.
Wilson, E. O. (1988). The current state of biological diversity. In, E. O. Wilson (ed.). Biodiversity. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
|
Family / Familia |
Scientific name / Nombre Científico |
English name |
|
Podicipedidae |
Podiceps nigricollis |
Eared Grebe |
|
Procellariidae |
Puffinus gravis |
Greater Shearwater |
|
Anatidae |
Oxyura jamaicensis |
Ruddy Duck |
|
Falconidae |
Falco deiroleucus |
Orange-breasted Falcon |
|
Laridae |
Larus fuscus |
Lesser Black-backed Gull |
|
Laridae |
Larus occidentalis |
Western Gull |
|
Nyctibiidae |
Nyctibius jamaicensis |
Northern Potoo |
|
Trochilidae |
Anthracothorax veraguensis |
Veraguan Mango |
|
Trochilidae |
Damophila julie |
Violet-bellied Hummingbird |
|
Trochilidae |
Lepidopyga coeruleogularis |
Sapphire-throated Hummingbird |
|
Trochilidae |
Amazilia cyanifrons |
Indigo-capped Hummingbird |
|
Tamnophilidae |
Myrmornis torquata |
Wing-banded Antbird |
|
Hirundinidae |
Petrochelidon fulva |
Cave Swallow |
|
Troglodytidae |
Campylorhynchus albobrunneus |
White-headed Wren |
|
Motacillidae |
Anthus lutescens |
Yellowish Pipit |
|
Thraupidae |
Tersina viridis |
Swallow Tanager |
|
Family / Familia |
Scientific name / Nombre Científico |
English name |
|
Procellariidae |
Pterodroma externa |
Juan Fernández Petrel |
|
Procellariidae |
Puffinus carneipes |
Flesh-footed Shearwater |
|
Procellariidae |
Puffinus auricularis |
Townsend´s Shearwater |
|
Procellariidae |
Puffinus opisthomelas |
Black-vented Shearwater |
|
Hydrobatidae |
Oceanites gracilis |
White-vented Storm-Petrel |
|
Hydrobatidae |
Oceanodroma homochroa |
Ashy Storm-Petrel |
|
Phaethontidae |
Phaethon lepturus |
White-tailed Tropicbird |
|
Accipitridae |
Buteogallus meridionalis |
Savanna Hawk |
|
Family / Familia |
Scientific name / Nombre Científico |
English name |
|
Strigidae |
Athene cunicularia |
Burrowing Owl |
|
Strigidae |
Asio flammeus |
Short-eared Owl |
|
Tyrannidae |
Myiarchus cinerascens |
Ash-throated Flycatcher |
|
Emberizidae |
Spizella passerina |
Chipping Sparrow |
|
Emberizidae |
Passerculus sandwichensis |
Savannah Sparrow |
|
Family / Familia |
Scientific name / Nombre Científico |
English name |
|
Ardeidae |
Botaurus lentiginosus |
American Bittern |
|
Threskiornithidae |
Plegadis chihi |
White-faced Ibis |
|
Family / Familia |
Scientific name / Nombre Científico |
English name |
|
Anatidae |
Dendrocygna viduata |
White-faced Whistling-Duck |
|
Rallidae |
Laterallus ruber |
Ruddy Crake |
|
Trochilidae |
Lophornis delattrei |
Rufous-crested Coquette |
|
Family / Familia |
Scientific name / Nombre Científico |
English name |
|
Thraupidae |
Thraupis abbas |
Yellow-winged Tanager |
|
Family / Familia |
Scientific name / Nombre Científico |
English name |
|
Procellariidae |
Pterodroma hasitata |
Black-capped Petrel |
|
Procellariidae |
Pterodroma phaeopygia |
Dark-rumped Petrel |
|
Procellariidae |
Procellaria parkinsoni |
Parkinson's Petrel |
|
Procellariidae |
Puffinus creatopus |
Pink-footed Shearwater |
|
Procellariidae |
Puffinus lherminieri |
Audubon's Shearwater |
|
Hydrobatidae |
Oceanites oceanicus |
Wilson's Storm-Petrel |
|
Hydrobatidae |
Pelagodroma marina |
White-faced Storm-Petrel |
|
Hydrobatidae |
Oceanodroma leucorhoa |
Leach's Storm-Petrel |
|
Hydrobatidae |
Oceanodroma castro |
Band-rumped Storm-Petrel |
|
Hydrobatidae |
Oceanodroma markhami |
Markham's Storm-Petrel |
|
Ardeidae |
Butorides striatus |
Striated Heron |
|
Anatidae |
Anas cyanoptera |
Cinnamon Teal |
|
Anatidae |
Aythya collaris |
Ring-necked Duck |
|
Anatidae |
Aythya marila |
Greater Scaup |
|
Accipitridae |
Buteogallus anthracinus |
Common Black-Hawk |
|
Accipitridae |
Harpyhaliaetus solitarius |
Solitary Eagle |
|
Accipitridae |
Morphnus guianensis |
Crested Eagle |
|
Falconidae |
Falco femoralis |
Aplomado Falcon |
|
Rallidae |
Micropygia schomburgkii |
Ocellated Crake |
|
Rallidae |
Laterallus jamaicensis |
Black Rail |
|
Rallidae |
Aramides axillaris |
Rufous-necked Wood-Rail |
|
Scolopacidae |
Limosa haemastica |
Hudsonian Godwit |
|
Scolopacidae |
Philomachus pugnax |
Ruff |
|
Laridae |
Catharacta maccormicki |
South Polar Skua |
|
Laridae |
Larus philadelphia |
Bonaparte's Gull |
|
Laridae |
Larus heermanni |
Heermann´s Gull |
|
Laridae |
Larus modestus |
Gray Gull |
|
Laridae |
Sterna paradisea |
Artic Tern |
|
Columbidae |
Columba leucocephala |
White-crowned Pigeon |
|
Caprimulgidae |
Caprimulgus rufus |
Rufous Nightjar |
|
Caprimulgidae |
Caprimulgus cayennensis |
White-tailed Nightjar |
|
Apodidae |
Panyptila sanctihieronymi |
Great Swallow-tailed Swift |
|
Tyrannidae |
Myiobius atricaudus |
Black-tailed Flycatcher |
|
Tyrannidae |
Tyrannus verticalis |
Western Kingbird |
|
INCERTAE SEDIS |
Pachyramphus albogriseus |
Black-and-white Becard |
|
Vireonidae |
Hylophilus flavipes |
Scrub Greenlet |
|
Hirundinidae |
Progne tapera |
Brown-chested Martin |
|
Parulidae |
Vermivora celata |
Orange-crowned Warbler |
|
Parulidae |
Parula americana |
Northern Parula |
|
Parulidae |
Dendroica tigrina |
Cape May Warbler |
|
Parulidae |
Dendroica townsendi |
Townsend's Warbler |
|
Parulidae |
Dendroica occidentalis |
Hermit Warbler |
|
Parulidae |
Dendroica dominica |
Yellow-throated Warbler |
|
Parulidae |
Dendroica pinus |
Pine Warbler |
|
Parulidae |
Oporornis agilis |
Connecticut Warbler |
|
Emberizidae |
Sicalis luteola |
Grassland Yellow-Finch |
|
Emberizidae |
Aimophila rufescens |
Rusty Sparrow |
|
Cardinalidae |
Pheucticus melanocephalus |
Black-headed Grosbeak |
|
Icteridae |
Psarocolius decumanus |
Crested Oropendola |
|
Passeridae |
Lonchura malacca |
Black-headed Munia |
|
Family / Familia |
Scientific name / Nombre Científico |
English name |
|
Tinamidae |
Tinamus major |
Great Tinamou |
|
Tinamidae |
Nothocercus bonapartei |
Highland Tinamou |
|
Tinamidae |
Crypturellus soui |
Little Tinamou |
|
Tinamidae |
Crypturellus cinnamomeus |
Thicket Tinamou |
|
Tinamidae |
Crypturellus boucardi |
Slaty-breasted Tinamou |
|
Podicipedidae |
Tachybaptus dominicus |
Least Grebe |
|
Podicipedidae |
Podilymbus podiceps |
Pied-billed Grebe |
|
Procellariidae |
Pterodroma hasitata |
Black-capped Petrel |
|
Procellariidae |
Pterodroma phaeopygia |
Galapagos Petrel |
|
Procellariidae |
Procellaria parkinsoni |
Parkinson's Petrel |
|
Procellariidae |
Puffinus creatopus |
Pink-footed Shearwater |
|
Procellariidae |
Puffinus pacificus |
Wedge-tailed Shearwater |
|
Procellariidae |
Puffinus griseus |
Sooty Shearwater |
|
Procellariidae |
Puffinus tenuirostris |
Short-tailed Shearwater |
|
Procellariidae |
Puffinus lherminieri |
Audubon's Shearwater |
|
Hydrobatidae |
Oceanites oceanicus |
Wilson's Storm-Petrel |
|
Hydrobatidae |
Pelagodroma marina |
White-faced Storm-Petrel |
|
Hydrobatidae |
Oceanodroma leucorhoa |
Leach's Storm-Petrel |
|
Hydrobatidae |
Oceanodroma castro |
Band-rumped Storm-Petrel |
|
Hydrobatidae |
Oceanodroma tethys |
Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel |
|
Hydrobatidae |
Oceanodroma melania |
Black Storm-Petrel |
|
Hydrobatidae |
Oceanodroma markhami |
Markham's Storm-Petrel |
|
Hydrobatidae |
Oceanodroma microsoma |
Least Storm-Petrel |
|
Phaethontidae |
Phaethon aethereus |
Red-billed Tropicbird |
|
Sulidae |
Sula dactylatra |
Masked Booby |
|
Sulidae |
Sula nebouxii |
Blue-footed Booby |
|
Sulidae |
Sula leucogaster |
Brown Booby |
|
Sulidae |
Sula sula |
Red-footed Booby |
|
Pelecanidae |
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos |
American White Pelican |
|
Pelecanidae |
Pelecanus occidentalis |
Brown Pelican |
|
Phalacrocoracidae |
Phalacrocorax brasilianus |
Neotropic Cormorant |
|
Anhingidae |
Anhinga anhinga |
Anhinga |
|
Fregatidae |
Fregata magnificens |
Magnificent Frigatebird |
|
Fregatidae |
Fregata minor |
Great Frigatebird |
|
Ardeidae |
Botaurus pinnatus |
Pinnated Bittern |
|
Ardeidae |
Ixobrychus exilis |
Least Bittern |
|
Ardeidae |
Tigrisoma lineatum |
Rufescent Tiger-Heron |
|
Ardeidae |
Tigrisoma fasciatum |
Fasciated Tiger-Heron |
|
Ardeidae |
Tigrisoma mexicanum |
Bare-throated Tiger-Heron |
|
Ardeidae |
Ardea herodias |
Great Blue Heron |
|
Ardeidae |
Ardea alba |
Great Egret |
|
Ardeidae |
Egretta thula |
Snowy Egret |
|
Ardeidae |
Egretta caerulea |
Little Blue Heron |
|
Ardeidae |
Egretta tricolor |
Tricolored Heron |
|
Ardeidae |
Egretta rufescens |
Reddish Egret |
|
Ardeidae |
Bubulcus ibis |
Cattle Egret |
|
Ardeidae |
Butorides virescens |
Green Heron |
|
Ardeidae |
Butorides striatus |
Striated Heron |
|
Ardeidae |
Agamia agami |
Agami Heron |
|
Ardeidae |
Nycticorax nycticorax |
Black-crowned Night-Heron |
|
Ardeidae |
Nyctanassa violacea |
Yellow-crowned Night-Heron |
|
Ardeidae |
Cochlearius cochlearius |
Boat-billed Heron |
|
Threskiornithidae |
Eudocimus albus |
White Ibis |
|
Threskiornithidae |
Plegadis falcinellus |
Glossy Ibis |
|
Threskiornithidae |
Mesembrinibis cayennensis |
Green Ibis |
|
Threskiornithidae |
Platalea ajaja |
Roseate Spoonbill |
|
Ciconiidae |
Jabiru mycteria |
Jabiru |
|
Ciconiidae |
Mycteria americana |
Wood Stork |
|
Cathartidae |
Coragyps atratus |
Black Vulture |
|
Cathartidae |
Cathartes aura |
Turkey Vulture |
|
Cathartidae |
Cathartes burrovianus |
Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture |
|
Cathartidae |
Sarcoramphus papa |
King Vulture |
|
Anatidae |
Dendrocygna viduata |
White-faced Whistling-Duck |
|
Anatidae |
Dendrocygna autumnalis |
Black-bellied Whistling-Duck |
|
Anatidae |
Dendrocygna bicolor |
Fulvous Whistling-Duck |
|
Anatidae |
Cairina moschata |
Muscovy Duck |
|
Anatidae |
Anas americana |
American Wigeon |
|
Anatidae |
Anas platyrhynchos |
Mallard |
|
Anatidae |
Anas discors |
Blue-winged Teal |
|
Anatidae |
Anas cyanoptera |
Cinnamon Teal |
|
Anatidae |
Anas clypeata |
Northern Shoveler |
|
Anatidae |
Anas acuta |
Northern Pintail |
|
Anatidae |
Anas crecca |
Green-winged Teal |
|
Anatidae |
Aythya collaris |
Ring-necked Duck |
|
Anatidae |
Aythya marila |
Greater Scaup |
|
Anatidae |
Aythya affinis |
Lesser Scaup |
|
Anatidae |
Nomonyx dominicus |
Masked Duck |
|
Pandionidae |
Pandion haliaetus |
Osprey |
|
Accipitridae |
Leptodon cayanensis |
Gray-headed Kite |
|
Accipitridae |
Chondrohierax uncinatus |
Hook-billed Kite |
|
Accipitridae |
Elanoides forficatus |
Swallow-tailed Kite |
|
Accipitridae |
Gampsonyx swainsoni |
Pearl Kite |
|
Accipitridae |
Elanus leucurus |
White-tailed Kite |
|
Accipitridae |
Rostrhamus sociabilis |
Snail Kite |
|
Accipitridae |
Harpagus bidentatus |
Double-toothed Kite |
|
Accipitridae |
Ictinia mississippiensis |
Mississippi Kite |
|
Accipitridae |
Ictinia plumbea |
Plumbeous Kite |
|
Accipitridae |
Busarellus nigricollis |
Black-collared Hawk |
|
Accipitridae |
Circus cyaneus |
Northern Harrier |
|
Accipitridae |
Accipiter superciliosus |
Tiny Hawk |
|
Accipitridae |
Accipiter striatus |
Sharp-shinned Hawk |
|
Accipitridae |
Accipiter cooperii |
Cooper's Hawk |
|
Accipitridae |
Accipiter bicolor |
Bicolored Hawk |
|
Accipitridae |
Geranospiza caerulescens |
Crane Hawk |
|
Accipitridae |
Leucopternis princeps |
Barred Hawk |
|
Accipitridae |
Leucopternis semiplumbea |
Semiplumbeous Hawk |
|
Accipitridae |
Leucopternis albicollis |
White Hawk |
|
Accipitridae |
Asturina nitida |
Gray Hawk |
|
Accipitridae |
Buteogallus anthracinus |
Common Black-Hawk |
|
Accipitridae |
Buteogallus subtilis |
Mangrove Black-Hawk |
|
Accipitridae |
Buteogallus urubitinga |
Great Black-Hawk |
|
Accipitridae |
Parabuteo unicinctus |
Harris's Hawk |
|
Accipitridae |
Harpyhaliaetus solitarius |
Solitary Eagle |
|
Accipitridae |
Buteo magnirostris |
Roadside Hawk |
|
Accipitridae |
Buteo platypterus |
Broad-winged Hawk |
|
Accipitridae |
Buteo brachyurus |
Short-tailed Hawk |
|
Accipitridae |
Buteo swainsoni |
Swainson's Hawk |
|
Accipitridae |
Buteo albicaudatus |
White-tailed Hawk |
|
Accipitridae |
Buteo albonotatus |
Zone-tailed Hawk |
|
Accipitridae |
Buteo jamaicensis |
Red-tailed Hawk |
|
Accipitridae |
Morphnus guianensis |
Crested Eagle |
|
Accipitridae |
Harpia harpyja |
Harpy Eagle |
|
Accipitridae |
Spizastur melanoleucus |
Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle |
|
Accipitridae |
Spizaetus tyrannus |
Black Hawk-Eagle |
|
Accipitridae |
Spizaetus ornatus |
Ornate Hawk-Eagle |
|
Falconidae |
Micrastur ruficollis |
Barred Forest-Falcon |
|
Falconidae |
Micrastur mirandollei |
Slaty-backed Forest-Falcon |
|
Falconidae |
Micrastur semitorquatus |
Collared Forest-Falcon |
|
Falconidae |
Ibycter americanus |
Red-throated Caracara |
|
Falconidae |
Caracara cheriway |
Crested Caracara |
|
Falconidae |
Milvago chimachima |
Yellow-headed Caracara |
|
Falconidae |
Herpetotheres cachinnans |
Laughing Falcon |
|
Falconidae |
Falco sparverius |
American Kestrel |
|
Falconidae |
Falco columbarius |
Merlin |
|
Falconidae |
Falco femoralis |
Aplomado Falcon |
|
Falconidae |
Falco rufigularis |
Bat Falcon |
|
Falconidae |
Falco peregrinus |
Peregrine Falcon |
|
Cracidae |
Ortalis vetula |
Plain Chachalaca |
|
Cracidae |
Ortalis cinereiceps |
Gray-headed Chachalaca |
|
Cracidae |
Penelope purpurascens |
Crested Guan |
|
Cracidae |
Chamaepetes unicolor |
Black Guan |
|
Cracidae |
Crax rubra |
Great Curassow |
|
Odontophoridae |
Dendrortyx leucophrys |
Buffy-crowned Wood-Partridge |
|
Odontophoridae |
Colinus leucopogon |
Spot-bellied Bobwhite |
|
Odontophoridae |
Colinus cristatus |
Crested Bobwhite |
|
Odontophoridae |
Odontophorus gujanensis |
Marbled Wood-Quail |
|
Odontophoridae |
Odontophorus melanotis |
Black-eared Wood-Quail |
|
Odontophoridae |
Odontophorus leucolaemus |
Black-breasted Wood-Quail |
|
Odontophoridae |
Odontophorus guttatus |
Spotted Wood-Quail |
|
Odontophoridae |
Rhynchortyx cinctus |
Tawny-faced Quail |
|
Rallidae |
Micropygia schomburgkii |
Ocellated Crake |
|
Rallidae |
Laterallus ruber |
Ruddy Crake |
|
Rallidae |
Laterallus albigularis |
White-throated Crake |
|
Rallidae |
Laterallus exilis |
Gray-breasted Crake |
|
Rallidae |
Laterallus jamaicensis |
Black Rail |
|
Rallidae |
Aramides axillaris |
Rufous-necked Wood-Rail |
|
Rallidae |
Aramides cajanea |
Gray-necked Wood-Rail |
|
Rallidae |
Amaurolimnas concolor |
Uniform Crake |
|
Rallidae |
Porzana carolina |
Sora |
|
Rallidae |
Porzana flaviventer |
Yellow-breasted Crake |
|
Rallidae |
Neocrex erythrops |
Paint-billed Crake |
|
Rallidae |
Pardirallus maculatus |
Spotted Rail |
|
Rallidae |
Porphyrio martinica |
Purple Gallinule |
|
Rallidae |
Gallinula chloropus |
Common Moorhen |
|
Rallidae |
Fulica americana |
American Coot |
|
Heliornithidae |
Heliornis fulica |
Sungrebe |
|
Eurypygidae |
Eurypyga helias |
Sunbittern |
|
Aramidae |
Aramus guarauna |
Limpkin |
|
Burhinidae |
Burhinus bistriatus |
Double-striped Thick-Knee |
|
Charadriidae |
Vanellus chilensis |
Southern Lapwing |
|
Charadriidae |
Pluvialis squatarola |
Black-bellied Plover |
|
Charadriidae |
Pluvialis dominica |
American Golden-Plover |
|
Charadriidae |
Charadrius collaris |
Collared Plover |
|
Charadriidae |
Charadrius alexandrinus |
Snowy Plover |
|
Charadriidae |
Charadrius wilsonia |
Wilson's Plover |
|
Charadriidae |
Charadrius semipalmatus |
Semipalmated Plover |
|
Charadriidae |
Charadrius vociferus |
Killdeer |
|
Haematopodidae |
Haematopus palliatus |
American Oystercatcher |
|
Recurvirostridae |
Himantopus mexicanus |
Black-necked Stilt |
|
Recurvirostridae |
Recurvirostra americana |
American Avocet |
|
Jacanidae |
Jacana spinosa |
Northern Jacana |
|
Jacanidae |
Jacana jacana |
Wattled Jacana |
|
Scolopacidae |
Tringa melanoleuca |
Greater Yellowlegs |
|
Scolopacidae |
Tringa flavipes |
Lesser Yellowlegs |
|
Scolopacidae |
Tringa solitaria |
Solitary Sandpiper |
|
Scolopacidae |
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus |
Willet |
|
Scolopacidae |
Heteroscelus incanus |
Wandering Tattler |
|
Scolopacidae |
Actitis macularia |
Spotted Sandpiper |
|
Scolopacidae |
Bartramia longicauda |
Upland Sandpiper |
|
Scolopacidae |
Numenius phaeopus |
Whimbrel |
|
Scolopacidae |
Numenius americanus |
Long-billed Curlew |
|
Scolopacidae |
Limosa haemastica |
Hudsonian Godwit |
|
Scolopacidae |
Limosa fedoa |
Marbled Godwit |
|
Scolopacidae |
Arenaria interpres |
Ruddy Turnstone |
|
Scolopacidae |
Aphriza virgata |
Surfbird |
|
Scolopacidae |
Calidris canutus |
Red Knot |
|
Scolopacidae |
Calidris alba |
Sanderling |
|
Scolopacidae |
Calidris pusilla |
Semipalmated Sandpiper |
|
Scolopacidae |
Calidris mauri |
Western Sandpiper |
|
Scolopacidae |
Calidris minutilla |
Least Sandpiper |
|
Scolopacidae |
Calidris fuscicollis |
White-rumped Sandpiper |
|
Scolopacidae |
Calidris bairdii |
Baird's Sandpiper |
|
Scolopacidae |
Calidris melanotos |
Pectoral Sandpiper |
|
Scolopacidae |
Calidris alpina |
Dunlin |
|
Scolopacidae |
Calidris ferruginea |
Curlew Sandpiper |
|
Scolopacidae |
Calidris himantopus |
Stilt Sandpiper |
|
Scolopacidae |
Tryngites subruficollis |
Buff-breasted Sandpiper |
|
Scolopacidae |
Philomachus pugnax |
Ruff |
|
Scolopacidae |
Limnodromus griseus |
Short-billed Dowitcher |
|
Scolopacidae |
Limnodromus scolopaceus |
Long-billed Dowitcher |
|
Scolopacidae |
Gallinago gallinago |
Common Snipe |
|
Scolopacidae |
Phalaropus tricolor |
Wilson's Phalarope |
|
Scolopacidae |
Phalaropus lobatus |
Red-necked Phalarope |
|
Scolopacidae |
Phalaropus fulicarius |
Red Phalarope |
|
Laridae |
Stercorarius maccormicki |
South Polar Skua |
|
Laridae |
Stercorarius pomarinus |
Pomarine Jaeger |
|
Laridae |
Stercorarius parasiticus |
Parasitic Jaeger |
|
Laridae |
Stercorarius longicaudus |
Long-tailed Jaeger |
|
Laridae |
Larus atricilla |
Laughing Gull |
|
Laridae |
Larus pipixcan |
Franklin's Gull |
|
Laridae |
Larus philadelphia |
Bonaparte's Gull |
|
Laridae |
Larus heermanni |
Heermann´s Gull |
|
Laridae |
Larus modestus |
Gray Gull |
|
Laridae |
Larus delawarensis |
Ring-billed Gull |
|
Laridae |
Larus argentatus |
Herring Gull |
|
Laridae |
Xema sabini |
Sabine's Gull |
|
Laridae |
Sterna nilotica |
Gull-billed Tern |
|
Laridae |
Sterna caspia |
Caspian Tern |
|
Laridae |
Sterna maxima |
Royal Tern |
|
Laridae |
Sterna elegans |
Elegant Tern |
|
Laridae |
Sterna sandvicensis |
Sandwich Tern |
|
Laridae |
Sterna hirundo |
Common Tern |
|
Laridae |
Sterna paradisea |
Artic Tern |
|
Laridae |
Sterna forsteri |
Forster's Tern |
|
Laridae |
Sterna antillarum |
Least Tern |
|
Laridae |
Sterna anaethetus |
Bridled Tern |
|
Laridae |
Sterna fuscata |
Sooty Tern |
|
Laridae |
Chlidonias niger |
Black Tern |
|
Laridae |
Anous stolidus |
Brown Noddy |
|
Laridae |
Anous minutus |
Black Noddy |
|
Laridae |
Gygis alba |
White-Tern |
|
Laridae |
Rynchops niger |
Black Skimmer |
|
Columbidae |
Columba livia |
Rock Dove |
|
Columbidae |
Columba cayennensis |
Pale-vented Pigeon |
|
Columbidae |
Columba speciosa |
Scaled Pigeon |
|
Columbidae |
Columba leucocephala |
White-crowned Pigeon |
|
Columbidae |
Columba flavirostris |
Red-billed Pigeon |
|
Columbidae |
Columba fasciata |
Band-tailed Pigeon |
|
Columbidae |
Columba subvinacea |
Ruddy Pigeon |
|
Columbidae |
Columba nigrirostris |
Short-billed Pigeon |
|
Columbidae |
Zenaida asiatica |
White-winged Dove |
|
Columbidae |
Zenaida macroura |
Mourning Dove |
|
Columbidae |
Columbina inca |
Inca Dove |
|
Columbidae |
Columbina passerina |
Common Ground-Dove |
|
Columbidae |
Columbina minuta |
Plain-breasted Ground-Dove |
|
Columbidae |
Columbina talpacoti |
Ruddy Ground-Dove |
|
Columbidae |
Claravis pretiosa |
Blue Ground-Dove |
|
Columbidae |
Claravis mondetoura |
Maroon-chested Ground-Dove |
|
Columbidae |
Leptotila verreauxi |
White-tipped Dove |
|
Columbidae |
Leptotila rufaxilla |
Gray-fronted Dove |
|
Columbidae |
Leptotila cassinii |
Gray-chested Dove |
|
Columbidae |
Geotrygon veraguensis |
Olive-backed Quail-Dove |
|
Columbidae |
Geotrygon ch |